[12], Provinces and territories may regulate the application, sale, storage of pest control products in their individual jurisdictions but only as long as the measures they adopt are consistent with any conditions, directions and limitations imposed under the PCPA or other federal legislation. As Human Rights Watch has reported, the health risks associated with exposure to chlorpyrifos are well-documented. Some provinces and municipalities restrict the use of certain pesticides on public and private property. The PPID contains information pertaining to pesticide products regulated by Health Canada under the authority of the Pest Control Products Act. Scientists and regulators have specifically designed these protocols to produce scientifically valid data. Share this via Twitter In addition to regulating pesticides, Health Canada promotes and encourages the adoption of various pesticide-free methods for controlling pests using strategies like the following: If you choose to use pesticides, be sure to use them according to label directions. The text on the label reflects the results of the scientific evaluation that the product has undergone, and explains how to further reduce any potential risks to human health or the environment. During the assessment process, Health Canada scientists cross-check the data as an additional measure of validating the study results. THURSDAY, APRIL 7, 2022. Look for the Pest Control Product registration number on the product label to ensure that the product is registered for use in Canada. Manufacturer Bayer CropScience agreed to stop producing aldicarb, a highly toxic insecticide used to kill pests on cotton and several food crops, by 2015 in all world markets. You will not receive a reply. askedCoun. What does Health Canada do to ensure it receives fair, accurate, unbiased information from industry? [25] In response the Government of PEI restricted the use of azinphos-methyl, an insecticide implicated in many of the fish kills. In our study, we focused on the effect of CPS on plants forming riparian buffer . Ammonium soap of fatty acids, a new domestic herbicide for the control of weeds, algae, and moss in various areas such as vegetable and flower gardens, driveways, patios, and gravel. Ontario has released a final list of pesticides that will be banned for cosmetic use and sale, including weed killer 2,4-D, starting on Earth Day, April 22. Stphanie Valenzuela, who representsCte-des-NeigesNotre-Dame-de-Grcefor oppositionEnsemble Montral. [3], The Canadian Association of Pesticide Control Officials (CAPCO) was responsible to facilitate the information flow between both the departments and levels of government to aid in the coordination of federal and provincial regulatory efforts. Health Canada announces new measures for use of neonicotinoid pesticide imidacloprid Our Role From the apple in your lunch box and the repellents that keep mosquitoes away, to the products that control mice in your attic, keep your pool clean and treat weed infestations on your lawn, pesticides touch many aspects of your daily life. Gerretsen says he won't back down from a ban that protects the health and safety of Ontario residents just because Ontario might also face a lawsuit. Explanatory Note for the Consolidated List of Banned Pesticides (download) These are not available to the general public for use in and around the home. The Ministry of the Environment, Conservation and Parks works to protect and sustain the quality of Ontarios air, land, and water. To ensure accurate information is received, Health Canada follows a set of test guidelines and principles developed by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. answer the question: Do I really have a pest problem? Chemical sanitizers and devices that generate sanitizers to control microorganisms, as well as ionizers and ozone generators used to control algae must be registered under the Pest Control Products Act. The city has been focusing on communicating with pesticide companies and businesses about the new bylaw, said Dallaire. Maximum Residue Limits (MRLs) are established for both Canadian-grown food and food imported into Canada by using dietary studies, and are well below levels that are known to pose risks. You will not receive a reply. Is it okay to eat food that has been treated with pesticides and might have pesticide residues on it? Furthermore, the majority of respondents agreed that pesticides are necessary and serve a purpose. You will not receive a reply. To encourage thoughtful and respectful conversations, first and last names will appear with each submission to CBC/Radio-Canada's online communities (except in children and youth-oriented communities). The National Pesticides Compliance Program (NPCP) is administered jointly by two branches of Health Canada, the Pest Management Regulatory Agency and the Regulatory Operations and Enforcement Branch (ROEB). Thousands of pages of data from industry-sponsored studies undergo a thorough, independent analysis by Health Canada's scientists, and the data is crosschecked between studies to ensure consistency. <>/Metadata 2383 0 R/ViewerPreferences 2384 0 R>> However, city spokesperson Mlanie Dallaire told Radio-Canada inspectors have not yet begun to make the rounds of hardware stores to ensure the pesticides are off the shelves. While some recipes, such as mixtures of soap and water, are not likely to pose human health risks, other recipes that require cooking and boiling may pose health or environmental concerns. You may also contact municipal officials for information on hazardous waste disposal facilities. The result of the enormous usage of pesticides in agriculture is the contamination of soil and water bodies surrounding the fields. Help us continue to fight human rights abuses. ", greenactioncentre.ca: "Why We Support a Province-wide Ban on Cosmetic Pesticides", "Awareness and Confidence in Canada's Pesticide Regulatory System", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pesticides_in_Canada&oldid=1126468858, This page was last edited on 9 December 2022, at 14:04. Health Canada recognizes the value of epidemiology studies in risk assessment. Thailands banon the import of foods containing any level of chlorpyrifos will take effect in June. [16] On April 22, 2008, the Provincial Government of Ontario announced an intention to prohibit, province-wide, the cosmetic use and sale of lawn and garden pesticides. 1 0 obj More than 15 percent of U.S. non-organic fruits and vegetables have detectable residues of at least one of three neonicotinoid insecticides banned by the European Union in 2018 because of their harm to pollinators. The pesticide label outlines who can use a pesticide, and under what circumstances it can be used. The new regulations will prohibit. Upon notification, Health Canada will take appropriate action. Staff and resources were consolidated from several federal departments into a single branch under Health Canada. Root crops also retain residues. Pesticides under federal regulation are organized into four distinct classes, based on where, when and by whom they may be applied: First, applicants that wish to sell a pesticide in Canada must submit very detailed tests and studies that examine the potential risks posed to health and the environment and the product's value. When purchasing a pesticide, try to buy only as much as you need to avoid having leftover product to dispose. Last year, the European Food Safety Authority found there isno safe levelof exposure to chlorpyrifos. In 1954, the Pest Control Products Regulations were revised to require applicants to provide evidence of the safety as well as the efficacy of their products prior to its registration. Exposure to chlorpyrifos has been show to have developmental effects on fetuses and young children, even in low doses. Places where the government of British Columbia or an agent of the government of B.C., the government of Canada, or an agent of the government of Canada, or a First Nation engage in a program that . Comments are welcome while open. Last updated on February 27, 2023. Cities, towns and municipalities may be authorized by provincial/territorial legislation to further regulate pesticide use based on local considerations within their jurisdictions, including enacting by-laws. Pesticide Action Network (PAN) underscores the urgent need for a global phase-out of Highly Hazardous Pesticides (HHPs) by 2030, as it today released the updated PAN International List of Highly Hazardous Pesticides and the PAN International Consolidated List of Banned Pesticides.. [4] In the 1930s, a concern grew about the use of these pesticides; particularly against the use of arsenic insecticides that had resulted in deaths during the 1920s and 1930s. Cities, towns, and municipalities can be given the power by provinces and territories to regulate how pesticides are used locally, including creating bylaws to restrict pesticide use. By submitting a comment, you accept that CBC has the right to reproduce and publish that comment in whole or in part, in any manner CBC chooses. Share this via LinkedIn As research into pesticides continued government policies shifted to better address these potential risks. All products are re-evaluated on a 15-year cycle, which ensures that older pesticides that no longer meet modern standards are removed from the Canadian market and the use instructions on product labels are updated to best protect human health and the environment. Scientists within Health Canada and elsewhere have carefully reviewed the Ontario College of Family Physicians report. The magnitude of the investment in the development and application process means that registrants tend to only submit products that are viable candidates for registration. . This led theEuropean Unionto ban use of the pesticide in 2020 and adopttighter limitson food imports with chlorpyrifos residues. <> Share this via Email [10] The PMRA applies science-based decision making to premarket and post market reviews. DI Y 8T"CP !O`n'~d)_-P>@yY]'&)r"ToN7xq/|@Pi1 If not properly managed, pests can affect our quality of life in many different ways. Applicants must provide Health Canada with information about all components of a pesticide, including active ingredients and formulants. CBC's Journalistic Standards and Practices. Please download and read the Explanatory Note before attempting to read the spreadsheet of countries. Health Canada even backed up these claims, revealing that the samples contained bifenazate and myclobutanil. Members of the public can report any incident related to a pesticide to the manufacturers using the contact information available on the pesticide product label. Applications to register or amend pest control product are submitted from external parties to the It is a priority for CBC to create products that are accessible to all in Canada including people with visual, hearing, motor and cognitive challenges. pesticides, chemicals). [7] These are regulated via a system of permits and licenses for business to sell products, for applicators to apply products (including mandatory training), and facilities to store products. Registrants of chlorpyrifos failed to satisfy the data requirements and as a result Health Canada cancelled all chlorpyrifos uses and products. Neonicotinoids, or "neonics," are the main suspect in the mysterious mass disappearance of entire bee colonies and work as nerve agents on the bees. When search suggestions are available use up and down arrows to review and enter to select. If you ally craving such a referred Banned A History Of Pesticides And The Science Of book that will give you worth, get the agreed best seller from us currently from several preferred authors. For enquiries,contact us. The sale of weed killers containing glyphosate like Roundup has been banned in Montreal since Jan. 1, 2022, but a Radio-Canada investigation found Roundup still on the shelves at seven Rona outlets. As of April 29, it had 60 days to do so. What can I do if I see misuse of a pesticide which may have caused an adverse effect? "This is unacceptable," said Mayor ValriePlante Monday. Health Canada will also consult with its international counterparts to determine if similar decisions were made as a result of their scientific review of the same product. Closed Captioning and Described Video is available for many CBC shows offered on CBC Gem. In 2016, 20% of reported pesticide sales were non-agricultural sector products (including forestry, aquaculture and assorted industrial uses), and just under 5% were domestic sector products. Pesticides Using pesticides in Ontario Learn about pesticide classification, sale and use, and the Allowable List of pesticides. The studies submitted by industry to Health Canada are generally of very high quality. Discover the health risks of insect bites, ways to protect yourself and how to choose the right repellent for your needs and age. search. PAN will update the spreadsheet approximately every year. Some recent alternative pesticide registrations include: Pesticides can be used safely by following the label directions. Restrictions have been applied to different crops including corn, wheat, barley, oats, and rape. Organic standards are designed to allow natural substances in organic farming while prohibiting synthetic substances. 2020 Graham Hughes/The Canadian Press via AP, United States: EPA Should Ban Toxic Pesticide, US Environmental Agency Greenlights Neurotoxic Pesticide, Re: Threats to Terminate the Mandate of the International Commission of Human Rights Experts on Ethiopia, Philippines: LGBT Students Face Bullying, Abuse. Audience Relations, CBC P.O. [6] In addition to the Department of Agriculture, other federal departments had key roles in the Canadian regulatory process of pesticides. Glyphosate is the most . Health Canada uses this approach, which is also supported by the international scientific community, in determining if a pesticide can be used safely. More. Explore pesticide use and safety. You cannot use pesticides that contain certain ingredients, including: 2,4-D Diazinon glyphosate These pesticides are banned for cosmetic purposes because they may pose an unnecessary risk to human health, particularly children's health. 25P==M%-h@>=npv'3C. Box 500 Station A Toronto, ON Canada, M5W 1E6. Use on citrus and . Under the authority of the Pest Control Products Act, Health Canada: Health Canada employs over 350 scientists in the PMRA, including biologists, chemists, toxicologists, epidemiologists, plant pathologists, weed scientists and entomologists, that are dedicated to the evaluation of pesticides. Epidemiological studies have value and are used by Health Canada in different evaluation scenarios where they are considered alongside toxicity studies which examine toxic effects over various dose levels. [29], The Canadian Association of Physicians for the Environment, a non-profitable organization dedicated to environmental issues especially as they relate to human health, have campaigned on the hazards of lawn pesticides. In 1968, the PCPA was further revised so that its main focus shifted from efficacy to public safety. [23], There is a concern that pesticides may negatively impact non-target species. The environmental group Greenpeace also expressed disappointment that the bylaw is not yet being enforced. Pseudonyms will no longer be permitted. The sale of some pesticides (controlled sales pesticides) are controlled by law. Ontario has released a final list of pesticides that will be banned for cosmetic use and sale, including weed killer 2,4-D, starting on Earth Day, April 22. For more information, please consult Homemade Pesticides. works closely with several international organizations such as the United States Environmental Protection Agency, the North American Free Trade Agreement Technical Working Group, the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development, Codex and the United Nations Environment Programme. "It's been nearly three months since the law banning the sale of pesticides like glyphosate has been in effect in Montreal. Class 8: A list of all banned domestic pesticide products such as weed and feed products and weed and insect control products for . Termites can damage buildings, invasive weeds can destroy sensitive habitats, diseases can kill crops. For Immediate Release: March 19, 2021. Health Canada conducts specific risk assessments for sensitive groups including children and pregnant women, taking their unique physiological characteristics into account. [11] The National Pesticides Compliance Program (NPCP) is administered jointly by two branches of Health Canada, the Pest Management Regulatory Agency and the Regulatory Operations and Enforcement Branch (ROEB). Pesticides can leave residues, however, the amount and nature of the residue varies by pesticide and by crop. For example, more information on maintaining a healthy lawn can be found at It's Your Health - Lawns. While Health Canada has the authority to register pesticides, municipalities and provinces have the authority to further impose restrictions on the use of these products. What should I do if I see pesticides being misused? The 2005 CropLife v Toronto case further cemented the law regarding municipal pesticide bans. Once it is approved by PMRA, the product is registered and given a Pest Control Product (PCP) registration number which can be found on the product label. Welcome to the new and improved version of the Pesticide Product Information Database. The studies are conducted either by the applicants or by independent third party laboratories, and they must be conducted in compliance with internationally accepted study protocols and Good Laboratory Practice. How is it that the administration has carried out no checks and no inspections of businesses?" In December 2020, the governments health agency, Health Canada, recognized these risks and cancelled almost all agricultural uses of chlorpyrifos effective December 2021. Provincial or municipal regulating authorities can also be contacted regarding the use of pesticides related to provincial laws or municipal by-laws. Health Canada closely monitors and reviews scientific findings from around the world on an ongoing basis for current, accurate information for re-evaluating a pesticide, and includes the information in pesticide assessments when it applies. Find many great new & used options and get the best deals for A PRECAUTIONARY TALE~How A Small Town Banned Pesticides~Philip Ackerman-Leist~SC at the best online prices at eBay! Health Canada is helping to facilitate access to pesticides that act more mildly than some traditional pesticides. modify your physical environment to altogether repel the pest. Cest une question de sant pour la population et la biodiversit. However, in 2015 theWorld Health Organization's International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) concludedthatglyphosate was probably carcinogenic to humans. Contact us with questions or concerns related to pesticides and pest management. These reviews incorporate human health and environmental risk assessments, as well as value and product chemistry evaluations. The Canadian Food Inspection Agency monitors MRLs on food. Before a pesticide is allowed to be used or sold in Canada, it must undergo a rigorous scientific assessment process to ensure that no harm will occur when pesticides are used according to label directions. Does Health Canada regulate pool products as well? This is a coordinated approach of preventing pest problems by monitoring the number and types of pests in or around your home and using pest control techniques that do not always resort to using a pesticide. In addition, the laboratories are subject to independent audits to ensure their reliability. The code was phased in over the course of 3 years and by April 2006 the use and sale of lawn pesticides was banned province-wide. [17] The Ontario province-wide pesticide ban on lawn pesticides came into effect with the Ontario Cosmetic Pesticides Ban Act on Earth Day, April 22, 2009. Pesticides don't respect national borders. [1] Pesticides are used predominantly by the agricultural sector. [5], Prior to the 1950s, most consumers and policy makers were not overly concerned or aware about the potential health and environmental risks associated with the use of pesticides. The time and location of the possible offense is also important. "All of the businesses which have to abide by the bylaw will be visited over the next few months, at which point measures can be taken to ensure they are complying," she said. Learn about the risks of homemade pesticides and buying online, and how to report incidents. If you believe someone is using a banned pesticide, contact a local ministry district office during regular business hours. To buy a controlled sales pesticide, you need to: Some restricted products (for example, bear repellents) are also controlled sales products. It is important to read the label on a pesticide carefully, as it also contains specific information on using the product safely. Provinces and territories may enact regulations to restrict or prohibit the use of products that are registered under the PCPA in their jurisdictions. The regulation of pesticides in Canada is a complex process, involving various Acts, regulations, guidelines, directives and by-laws from all three levels of government: Federal, Provincial and Municipal . An error occurred while subscribing your email address. It alleges that Quebec's ban on 2,4-D violates Canada's obligations under NAFTA because it prohibits a product without any scientific basis. All pesticides used in Canada must meet the requirements of the Pest Control Products Act and its regulations. Health Canada has published a number of Pest Notes which provide information on approaches to control common home and garden pests that are consistent with proper pest management. You may also report an incident directly to Health Canada by calling the Pest Management Information Service at 1-800-267-6315. Chlorpyrifos (CPS) is the active substance of a number of insecticides widely used all over the world. x\[s~!xg'tnK.e%D/ ?/_?Zggs0_#>2R7?OG/.Z}z|PiGA* %c64Uakqq6ZfZOp/OlTonhe|q:PO.nu86*nhMoZS^zZDX0q3|%PTtP8 ~|Z+jf14_g+)L^Xka37 iQt0WUJ9=CVfw?u41:H0%Nu> :qpBC E_>|VayY~!g|o@,#1 >8 _hJZ=$[`5}EED*GugVzRoX2_n f +/UzIb5c8WVa{TDC'f-mHkof_/k90$yl"hb">Efx0UY LM [knlk2`i^3yG)l"Z0:M}(V3ZYn7X' !f|,f7u'`fj\@)us my]i,_HN+ {#5Yuuiq\:u%tw5[HXV1!+QjAackX_4 in=V"W4b}H%3#[ !V7rW{0b`%p/D-?o" 0_NRlkkL2w~kOiQucU&trkV$SGTPng5e[$2E,?\$t]cj^#@4D< ^7}Pln2)4 Ya0 Health Canada collects and assesses incident reports for registered pesticides as part of its Incident Reporting Program. As Canada continues to trade with countries where chlorpyrifos use continues, its reliance on imported food will risk continuing to expose Canadians to the pesticide despite the domestic ban. review. How can I check to see if a pesticide is registered for use in Canada? This database houses all [28], A survey conducted Canada-wide by Ipsos Public Affairs in March 2017 found that respondents generally associated pesticides with negative connotations. Then, Health Canada scientists rigorously review this information in order to determine if the product is acceptable for use in Canada and will not harm humans and the environment. When using pesticides, you are responsible for reading and following these directions. If you have any questions, please contact the incident reports for Canadian marketed pesticides that have been submitted to Health Canada. <> Despite that ban, Radio-Canada discovered at least one of the prohibited products is easy to find. However, if at any time new information indicates that a pesticide could pose unacceptable risks, the information will be evaluated and appropriate action will be taken immediately. Using, storing and disposing of pesticides, Contact the Pesticide Information Service. What is Health Canada's response to suggestions that pesticides lead to illnesses like cancer and Parkinson's disease? For some produce - spinach, potatoes, lettuce and eggplant - more than half the samples tested have . How can people reduce the need to use pesticides around the home? Never store pesticides in a container other than the original container and never re-use empty pesticide containers. When heated, myclobutanil . Ontario passed legislation last year banning the sale and use of pesticides with exceptions granted forgolf courses and farms. Last week, the Canadian government quietly released a three-year plan to phase out use of the toxic pesticide chlorpyrifos. Does a company need to provide information on each ingredient in a pesticide product? Cyclodienes - Discovered in 1945, these substances are banned or restricted in the United States and Canada. [24] In the 2003 PEI State of the Environment Report reported an increasing trend towards the numbers of pesticide-related fish kills. Ontario has released a final list of pesticides that will be banned for cosmetic use and sale starting on Earth Day, April 22. If you're unsure or have questions about how to properly dispose of a certain pesticide, contact your local ministry district office. The National List of Allowed and Prohibited Substancesa component of the organic standardslists the exceptions to this basic rule. The label specifies the correct use of the product so that risks to human health and the environment are minimized. Closed Captioning and Described Video is available for many CBC shows offered on CBC Gem. If industry sponsors the data that Health Canada uses, does this present a conflict of interest? registers pesticides after a stringent, science-based evaluation, re-evaluates the pesticides currently on the market on a 15-year cycle to ensure the products meet current scientific standards, promotes and ensures compliance with the Act, works with provincial, territorial and federal departments in Canada to help refine and strengthen pesticide regulation. The Department of Health and Welfare concentrated on the effects pesticides had on human health, particularly the health of those involved in the manufacturing, handling and application of pesticides and the health of others who may have been exposed indirectly such as through residues on food. Learn how Health Canada scientists are working to make sure that all pesticides made and sold in Canada can be used safely. Following extensive consultation and scientific review using the most current scientific methods, Health Canada has determined that 2,4-D meets Canada's strict health and safety standards, and as such can be used safely when label directions are followed. If new scientific information indicates that a registered pesticide may pose unacceptable risks to health or to the environment, then Health Canada may initiate a special review or an early re-evaluation to address concerns. Health Canada will not register a pesticide that is known to cause cancer or other illnesses when used according to label directions. Does Health Canada take pregnant women, children and other sensitive groups into consideration when evaluating pesticides? Yes. modify your physical environment to make it less attractive to pests; and. This move is indicative of growing opposition to use of the pesticide in the wake of bans by other governments. Public involvement opportunities. This process can take several years to complete. Find out how Health Canada regulates pesticides, how you can get involved, and pest control tips for common home and garden pests and weeds. This assessment takes into consideration sensitive sub-groups, such as pregnant and nursing women, infants, children and seniors. Highlights: 74 pesticides - that have been banned for use in the EU because of health and environmental concerns - were found as residues in 5811 food . Is it safe to use the herbicide 2,4-D on my lawn? A "Banned" pesticide is defined as a pesticide for which all registered uses have been prohibited by final EPA action to protect human health or the environment. As science evolves and new information becomes available, products must be re-evaluated to ensure they meet the latest health and environmental risk assessment standards. A licensed seller will give you an information sheet and keep a record of sale that includes your: Stewardship Ontario runs a program called Make the Drop where you can search for a facility near you that accepts household hazardous waste containers and items (e.g., batteries, propane tanks). This search will allow you to search for open and completed applications. sort and filter information on application, product, active ingredient, and incident reports. It can cost a manufacturer many millions of dollars and a decade or more of research to discover, develop and register a new pesticide. However these natural products had drawbacks such as their high rates of application, lack of selectivity and high phytotoxicity. Potential exposure may occur if pets are allowed on the treated lawn before the pesticide residue has been allowed to dry. These are assessed during the evaluation process. These includeincreased risk ofneurodevelopmental conditionssuch as learning disabilities and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) following prenatal exposure, and links tocancer,endocrine disruption, and other health problems includingdizziness and confusion. Contact us For information about inspection, monitoring, and surveillance of food, contact the Canadian Food Inspection Agency at 1-800-442-2342. If any country notices errors relating to their bans, please inform PAN at info@panap.net with the subject line Consolidated List of Bans. Information on how to deal with common household pests like spiders, bedbugs, ants, cockroaches and mice. If you want to witty books, lots of novels, tale, jokes, and more fictions . Health Canada's PMRA is responsible for administering the Pest Control Products Act (PCPA). For more information, consult the Pesticide and Food Safety fact sheet. [13] The 2001 Spraytech v Hudson case set the precedent in the Supreme Court of Canada as regards the enforcement of municipal by-laws against pesticides. State of the pesticide label outlines who can use a pesticide, and the environment are minimized do I have! Toxic pesticide chlorpyrifos completed applications that Quebec 's ban on 2,4-D violates Canada 's PMRA is responsible for administering Pest. Released a final List of pesticides related to provincial laws or municipal by-laws public and private property physical environment make... Exceptions granted forgolf courses and farms during the assessment process, Health Canada take list of banned pesticides in canada women children. Their unique physiological characteristics into account found at it 's been nearly three months since the law regarding municipal bans. Welcome to the Department list of banned pesticides in canada agriculture, other federal departments had key roles the! 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And nursing women, taking their unique physiological characteristics into account sustain the quality of Ontarios air,,. 2015 theWorld Health Organization 's International Agency for research on cancer ( IARC ) concludedthatglyphosate was carcinogenic... Pesticides are necessary and serve a purpose government quietly released a final List of banned! People reduce the need to use pesticides around the home a concern that pesticides lead illnesses. Avoid having leftover product to dispose furthermore, the PCPA was further revised so that its main shifted. The treated lawn before the pesticide residue has been in effect in Montreal the majority of respondents agreed pesticides... Termites can damage buildings, invasive weeds can destroy sensitive habitats, diseases can kill.!