It was the only aircraft carrier in the presence of Midway Island to survive the dive bomber attack and launched two and a half waves of planes against the United States Navy. Terms of Use| In the seven-week campaign, 55 Japanese ships were sunk, five probably sunk and 74 damaged. Leaving, he assumed command of USS Mississippi. [30] He is shown to be at loggerheads with his staff on numerous occasions and corrected by them once. The attack fails to destroy any airfields or major targets. After his flagship, the IJN Hiryu, was fatally damaged, he and the Hiryu's captain Tomeo Kaku locked themselves in the bridge and went down with their ship. McClusky led one squadron, VB-6, against the carrier Kaga, while the other Enterprise squadron pounced on Nagumos flagship, Akagi. In 1939 he was promoted to the rank of Rear Admiral. Since US intelligence had reported the possibility that the Kido Butai would be operating in two separate task forces, that meant that Fletcher only knew the location of half of the carrier force. The Americans lost only 17 planes and no ships. Japanese propagandists pointed to their success in the Aleutians to offset the defeat at Midway, but actually the Aleutians were of little strategic value. Lieutenant aboard the Hiryu who led and was killed during the first Japanese counterattack after the sinking of 3 Japanese aircraft carriers. From 1952 to 1955 Spruance served as the American ambassador to Philippines. Moving forward in mid-1944, Spruance embarked on a campaign in the Marianas Islands. Captain George C. Dyer of the light cruiser Astoria, who served under both Spruance and Halsey, summed up the view of many ship captains: My feeling was one of confidence when Spruance was there. After his flagship, the IJN Hiryu, was fatally damaged, he and the Hiryu's captain Tomeo Kaku locked themselves in the bridge and went down with their ship. From there, he went on to graduate from the U.S. He has appeared on The History Channel as a featured expert. Early on the morning of Thursday, June 4, 1942, Nagumos carriers launched a 108-plane strike against Midway and inflicted Although there are no options attached we can say the following. Morison, "Coral Sea, Midway and Submarine Actions: May 1942 August 1942". Admiral Raymond Ames Spruance was a key American naval commander who served in the Pacific Theater of World War II. He did not discuss his private life, feelings, prejudices, hopes or fears, except with his family and his closest friends. While both Fletcher and Spruance were rear admirals, Fletcher was senior and nominally in overall command. Admiral Raymond Spruance served in US Navy during World War Two. The Japanese felt that they had won the encounter. Admiral Spruance was buried with full honors alongside Admirals Nimitz and Kelly Turner in a military cemetery overlooking San Francisco Bay. He commanded that vessel during the patrols with the Atlantic Fleet until January 1920, when he assumed command of newly commissioned destroyer USS Percival in San Francisco, California. Yet because of his modest, retiring nature, Spruance was never a popular hero in the manner of Admirals Nimitz, William F. Halsey and Marc A. Mitscher. In April 1942 he offered support to carriers that launched the Doolittle Raid, an air raid on Tokyo and other parts of Honshu island. It faced a Japanese invasion fleet organized into two groups: the air-attack task force of four carriers with support ships under command of Admiral Chichi Nagumo, and the surface and occupation forces under Admiral Nobutake Kond and others. The other U.S. flattop, Yorktown, escaped with one bomb hit. British Royal Navy units helped support the landings. Always calm, always at peace with himself, Spruance had that ability which marks the great captain to make correct estimates and the right decisions in a fluid battle situation. He envied no one, rivaled no man, won the respect of almost everyone with whom he came in contact, and went ahead in his quiet way, winning victories for his country.When we come to the admirals who commanded at sea, and who directed a great battle, there was no one to equal Spruance. Mitschers force pursued the Japanese fleet and engaged it the following day in the Philippine Sea, sinking the light carrier Hiyo and two oilers (in addition to which submarines Albacore and Cavalla had sunk Taiho and Shokaku the previous day). Returning to Newport, Spruance remained at the college until retiring from the US Navy on July 1, 1948. While in that capacity he assumed additional duty as a member of the board on doctrine of aircraft in connection with fleet fire control. Japanese Admiral in command of the second division of the carrier strike force based on Aircraft Carrier IJN Hiryu. Successfully concluding operations, Spruance was promoted to admiral in February. In June 1931, Spruance returned to Newport, RI to serve on the staff of the Naval War College. Official Navy historian Samuel Eliot Morison characterized Spruance's performance as "superb", and he was nicknamed "electric brain" for his calmness even in moments of supreme crisis, a reputation enhanced by his successful tactics. The gallant carrier was crippled but nearly succeeded in reaching safety before torpedoes from Japanese submarine I-68 finally sank her three days later. Japanese supporting aircraft carrier in the corresponding Aleutian Islands Invasion. The Eastern Orthodox Church developed from the church in Constantinople. Only 17 of the islands 4,690 Japanese defenders survived to become prisoners. The following year, the new admiral was ordered to the Pacific. The Battle of Midway was a turning point in the Pacific War. The Battle of Midway infused the U.S. Pacific Navy with confidence. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. The Navy honored Spruance by giving his name to a new class of 30 destroyers, the first of which, USS Spruance, was launched in 1973. He wrote the day after the attack and the same day he attended funeral services for the 54 Sailors and Marines killed in the attack. It is regrettable that, owing to Spruances innate modesty and his refusal to create an image of himself in the public eye, he was never properly appreciated. During the last year of World War I he was assigned as Assistant Engineer Officer of the New York Naval Shipyard, and carried out temporary duty in London, England and Edinburgh, Scotland. These attacks were followed by a raid against Marcus Island. I can thank heredity for a sound constitution, and myself for taking care of that constitution." But we went in and took their possessions in a few days, without the loss of a single ship. His wife, Margaret Dean (18881985), is buried alongside him, as are Fleet Admiral Chester Nimitz, his longtime friend Admiral Richmond K. Turner, and Admiral Charles A. Lockwood, an arrangement made by all of them while living. Clarence McClusky, swooped from 19,000 feet onto Nagumos ships. [4] Spruance attended Indianapolis public schools and graduated from Shortridge High School. She went down with Admiral Yamaguchi, an outstanding flag officer who, it was said, would have been Yamamotos successor had he lived. Flagship of Kakuta. Admiral Spruance died on 13 December 1969, at his home in Pebble Beach , California. Spruance's achievements were acknowledged by the unique distinction of a special act of Congress awarding him Admiral's full pay for life. When not in command of the fleet the admirals, and their staffs, were based at Pearl Harbor and planned future operations. Then it was back to Pebble Beach. Akagi class Japanese aircraft carrier that was part of the first detachment of the Japanese carrier strike force. At that moment 37 Douglas Dauntless bombers from the USS Enterprise peeled off into a dive attack on two . He did not discuss his private life, feelings, prejudices, hopes or fears, except perhaps with his family and his closest friends. But what was important about this actionthe first naval battle in history fought by fleets that never came within sight of each otherwas that the U.S. Navy had thwarted the enemys planned capture of Port Moresby in strategic New Guinea. [28], His achievements in the navy were well known, but himself much less. Hickman, Kennedy. Historian Morison later described Spruances performance at Midway as superb. Spruance was calculating and cautious. On February 19, American forces landed and opened the Battle of Iwo Jima. Although some historians and many newsmen have written many words about Admiral Raymond A. Spruance, U.S. Navy and his brilliant career in the Pacific in World War II, the complete story of this reserved and self-effacing man . The score was 402 Japanese planes and six ships, with a loss of 122 planes from Mitschers flattops. Admiral Spruance commanded with deadly precision, reported an observer.[20]. His entry in Whos Who in America was only three lines long (including his full name), and a footnote in Morisons monumental history of the U.S. Navy in World War II testifies to his modesty. HistoryNet.com is brought to you by HistoryNet LLC, the worlds largest publisher of history magazines. He commanded the battleship USS Mississippi from April 1938 to December 1939, when he was promoted to rear admiral. On November 24, Spruance relieved Nimitz as Commander, US Pacific Fleet. His division was an element of the task force built around the aircraft carrier USSEnterprise and commanded by Vice Admiral William F. Halsey, Jr. On the afternoon of June 4, 24 American dive bombersincluding 10 refugees from Yorktownscored four hits on Hiryu. On June 19, however, hundreds of planes from nine Japanese aircraft carriers attacked the Fifth Fleet. All four of Japans aircraft carriers were sunk, devastating Japans ambitions in the Pacific. society in the 1950s? Aboard the battleship Yamato, Admiral Yamamoto received word that the U.S. fleet was at Midwaynot Pearl Harbor as he had thought. The two admirals presented a contrast in styles as Spruance tended to be quiet and meticulous while Halsey was brash and more impetuous. Raymond Ames Spruance (July 3, 1886 - December 13, 1969) was a United States Navy admiral during World War II. He took part in organising the invasions of Iwo Jima and Okinawa and led the 5th Fleet in these two final battles. He loved to show them to visitors. After his funeral, he was buried at Golden Gate National Cemetery near the grave of his wartime commander, Nimitz. His father wanted him to go to West Point, but young Raymond yearned to go to sea. . He was decorated with Order of Leopold and Croix de guerre with Palm by the Government of Belgium for his service for the Allied cause.[26]. This gave rise to the description of Spruance as "an Admiral's admiral". ThoughtCo. The Marine fighters and anti-aircraft fire shot down or badly damaged about a third of the enemy attack group. United States airbase targeted by the Japanese in preparation to invade Hawaii. At Midway, dive bombers from the Enterprise crippled sank four larger carriers of the Imperial Japanese Navy. Finishing the course, he completed a tour in the Office of Naval Intelligence before being posted to USS Mississippi (BB-41) in October 1929 as executive officer. The enemy units were forced to withdraw their battered aircraft carrier Shokaku, while the Americans had to abandon the old, cherished carrier Lexington. Admiral Nimitz praised Spruance for a remarkable job. Naval Academy in 1906,[5] and received further, hands-on education in electrical engineering a few years later. During the joint operations leading to the assault and capture of the important enemy bases, complete integration of Army and Navy units was accomplished under his outstanding leadership, enabling all the forces to perform their closely co-ordinated missions with outstanding success.[24]. After these victories, Spruance went back to Pearl Harbour to assist with planning Japans invasion. Commanding the battleship for nearly two years, Spruance was aboard when World War II began in Europe. This article incorporates text from the public domain Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships. Before Midway, a small and fractional U.S. Navy faced an overwhelmingly larger and battle-hardened Japanese Combined Fleet. He remained in the position only briefly as he accepted a posting as President of the Naval War College on February 1, 1946. Mounting a tenacious defense, the Japanese held out for over a month. You can find out more about our use, change your default settings, and withdraw your consent at any time with effect for the future by visiting Cookies Settings, which can also be found in the footer of the site. Admiral Yamamoto commanded the combined invasion fleet from aboard his flagship Yamato. The American offensive in the Pacific theater was now enjoying considerable momentum, aided in no small measure by Rear Adm. Marc Mitschers Task Force 58, the most powerful and destructive unit in the history of sea warfare. He was uniquely modest and candid about himself all his life. On April 22, Task Force 58s guns and planes supported the U.S. invasion of Hollandia in Dutch New Guinea and Aitape in Australian New Guinea. Spruance was detached from command of the Fifth Fleet on November 8, 1945, and he relieved Fleet Admiral Nimitz as commander in chief of the U.S. Pacific Fleet and Pacific Ocean areas. It was a cool, clear day. The U.S. fleet lost fewer men, but it lost a fleet carrier while the Japanese lost only the light carrier Shoho. I was shanghaied ashore in November of the next year to take over as electrical superintendent at the New York Navy Yard, said Spruance. Early on, Halsey had led his task force on hit-and-run raids against the Japanese in the western Pacific: striking the Gilbert and Marshall islands in February 1942, Wake Island in March, and projecting the air power of the Doolittle Raid against the Japanese homeland in April. catalogued as someone to watch; there was never any possibility that he would be passed over in the lists for promotion. At Midway, Spruances force inflicted on the Imperial Japanese Navy its worst setback in 350 years. 1, and he commanded her until 1914. He held that post until the following February, when he was ordered back to the Naval War College at Newportthis time as president. Fletcher would command Task Force 17, but the task force flag ship, USSYorktown, had been badly damaged at the Battle of the Coral Sea and the formation's other carrier, Lexington, had been sunk, but at Nimitz's behest Yorktown was patched-repaired in "rush" time purposefully to join the Midway operation.[11]. He graduated from the U.S. The following year, they made me executive officer of the transport Agamemnon, bringing troops home from France. The gloomy reports from Nagumo and his other commanders led Yamamoto to suspend his assault on Midway. Just before the planned invasion of Midway island in June 1942, Halsey suddenly became ill with shingles. In May 1942, intelligence suggested that the Japanese were planning on assaulting Midway Island. The repulse of the Japanese invasion fleet at Midway, and critically the destruction of the Kido Butai, allowed the U.S. to gain parity in the naval air war. United States bombers sank three Japanese ships. C. American Dream During World War II, he was commander in the . In October 1946 he was awarded the Armys Distinguished Service Medal for his exceptionally meritorious and distinguished services during the capture of the Marshall and Mariana islands. The three-day operation was the most extensive ever undertaken by carriers. With it he intended to significantly expand the Imperial Japanese Navy's outer defense perimeter across the central Pacific; and, he believed, this very powerful stroke against Midway would so severely threaten Hawaii and Pearl Harbor that the U.S. government would be induced to sue for peace. He presided over US Forces in the Pacific during two decisive Allied victories: the Battle of Midway in 1942 and the 1944 Battle of the Philippines Sea. help him spread the Gospel?Here is your goal for this assignment:Write a report discussing how education can be a key ingredient of effective ministryIn a report of 250-500 words, i.e., one-half to one-page, provide at least three ways in which Paul's education helped him to be more effective in his ministry. These raids were critical to moralesetting a new tone of aggressiveness by U.S. commanders while providing invaluable battle experience for the commanders and sailors of the U.S. >A few days later, Mitscher rejoined Spruance and the Fifth Fleet. On February 26, 1940, Spruance reported as commandant of the 10th Naval District with headquarters at Naval Station Isla Grande in San Juan, Puerto Rico. Besides his family, he loved the companionship of his pet schnauzer, Peter. Traveling to the Pacific, he was in this post when the Japanese attacked Pearl Harbor on December 7 forcing the US to enter the war. For the main Midway assault, the Japanese force consisted of the main battle fleet under Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto, composed of three battleships, a light carrier and a destroyer screen; Admiral Chuichi Nagumos combined fleet of two battleships, two heavy cruisers, destroyers and four fleet carriers carrying more than 250 aircraft; and an invasion task force led by Admiral Nobutake Kondo, consisting of a dozen transport ships carrying 5,000 troops, closely supported by four heavy cruisers, two battleships and a light carrier; and a three-cordon submarine force intended to neutralize U.S. countermoves. Nimitz had no battleships left after the Pearl Harbor attack, and after the Battle of the Coral Sea there were only two flattops ready for action, Enterprise and Hornet. For his actions at Iwo Jima and Okinawa, Spruance was awarded the Navy Cross. Biblical essay :)God made great use of Paul's education in Tarsus and his training as a Pharisee under Gamaliel. Yorktowns planes hit Soryu as she was turning into the wind to launch aircraft. Flagship of Task Force 16 under the command of Raymond Spruance. 1155 (August 1946): 144-157. Aboard the Japanese flattops, many torpedo-carrying planes were waiting for fighters to take off as the American planes dived. World War II: Fleet Admiral William Halsey Jr. World War II Pacific: The Japanese Advance Stopped, M.S., Information and Library Science, Drexel University, B.A., History and Political Science, Pennsylvania State University. He organized the Japanese counterattack on the American carriers and is credited with the sinking of the USS Yorktown, the only American Carrier sunk at Midway. One exception was Admiral John Towers, a constant critic of Spruance, whom Spruance came to despise for his naked ambition.[18]. My mind is blank. Photograph Courtesy of the US Naval History & Heritage Command. For that assault, Spruance led the most powerful naval strike force in history. Lieutenant Commander Maxwell Leslies VB-3 from Yorktown attacked the carrier Soryu. He decided to launch the planes from Enterprise and Hornet when they were about 175 miles from the enemys calculated position instead of postponing takeoff for another two hours in order to diminish the distance. When Vice Adm. Bull Halsey was confined to a hospital with a skin disease, Pacific Fleet Commander Nimitz appointed Spruance to succeed him as commander of Task Force 16. Once theBattle of the Philippine Sea came to an end, Spruance returned to Pearl Harbour to help plan other landings in the future. Naval Academy in 1906 and received further education in electrical engineering a few years later. It's commanding officer, Captain Yanagimoto, volunteered to stay aboard and go down with his ship. Spruance received the Navy Cross for his actions at Iwo Jima and Okinawa.[23]. It Didnt End Well. Spruance expressed his personal feelings on this matter as follows: So far as my getting five star rank is concerned, if I could have got it along with Bill Halsey, that would have been fine; but, if I had received it instead of Bill Halsey, I would have been very unhappy over it. Spruances fleet had prevented the Japanese from reinforcing the Saipan garrison. Following the campaign, Spruance turned the fleet over to Halsey and began planning operations to capture Iwo Jima. The Iwo Jima and Okinawa actions lasted from January to May 1945, and in August the Japanese surrendered. [6], Following his return to the United States, Spruance served aboard transport ship USS Agamemnon, before he was ordered to Bath Iron Works in Bath, Maine, for duty in connection with fitting out of destroyer USS Aaron Ward in March 1919. They were hurled back decisively, and the losses353 enemy planes downed, 21 U.S. aircraft lostamazed the Americans. The recipient of the letter below was his longtime friend and former chief-of-staff Captain Charles "Carl" J. Moore. Spruance, Raymond A. My personal congratulations. Admiral Chester W. Nimitz called him a fine man, a sterling character, and a great leader, and said, nothing you can say about him would be praise enough. He was modest and candid about himself. He was fond of symphonic music, and his tastes were generally simple. United States Rear Admiral in command of Task Force 17 on the USS Yorktown. Serving in Manila, Spruance remained abroad until resigning his post in 1955. During the attacks, the Japanese lost twelve warships, thirty-two merchant ships, and 249 aircraft. The setback in the Japanese timetable to encircle the Pacific gave the U.S. industrial machine time to crank up war production, and ultimately, to turn the advantage on Japan in the production of ships, planes, guns, and all the other matriel of war. At the crucial Battle of Midway, your daring and skilled leadership routed the enemy in the full tide of his advance and established the pattern of air-sea warfare which was to lead to his eventual capitulation. (2021, July 31). He's one of the finest officers I know of. By then 43 years old, Commander Spruance went to sea againaboard the battleship Mississippi from 1929 to 1931. Shortly after the Midway battle, Spruance became chief of staff to Admiral Nimitz, and in September 1942 was appointed as Deputy Commander in Chief of the Pacific Fleet. After further schooling at the Stevens Preparatory School in New Jersey, Spruance applied to and was accepted by the US Naval Academy in 1903. As his staff worked, Halsey used the fleet to win the Battle of Leyte Gulf. This time we were right because the enemy did what we expected him to do. Write down what your favorite food is and why to get 50 points :), Select TWO facts about the relationship between Constantinople and Christianity. Analyzing Information How does Admiral Spruance explain the U.S. victory Besides, the Japanese only had 35 serviceable planes left, rendering her carriers toothless. He never smoked, and drank little. When Yorktown was struck at Midway, however, Fletcher transferred his flag to the cruiser Astoria and placed Spruance tactically in charge. Admiral Yamamoto had hoped to fight a classic-style sea battle with battleships, but Spruance had proved that the aircraft carrier was now emerging as the capital ship of naval combat forces. All three were eventually scuttled. Raymond A. Spruance emerged from the battle one of the greatest admirals in American naval history". When you visit the site, Dotdash Meredith and its partners may store or retrieve information on your browser, mostly in the form of cookies. Japanese aircraft carrier squadron under the command of Chuichi Nagumo in command of aircraft carriers Akagi, Kaga, Soryu, and Hiryu. Cookies collect information about your preferences and your devices and are used to make the site work as you expect it to, to understand how you interact with the site, and to show advertisements that are targeted to your interests. The Turning Point in the Pacific. The Battle of Midway was fought June 4-7, 1942, during World War II (1939-1945) and was the turning point of the war in the Pacific. In the first months of World War II in the Pacific, Spruance commanded the four heavy cruisers and support ships of Cruiser Division Five from his flagship, the heavy cruiser USSNorthampton. He disliked personal publicity and had a reputation for freezing reporters who invaded his privacy. When I look at myself objectively, he wrote in retirement, I think that what success I may have achieved through life is largely due to the fact that I am a good judge of men. The Battle of Midway was the first major victory for the United States over Japan and is seen by many as . Known as "island hopping," U.S. forces moved from island to island, using each as a base for capturing the next. Four days after the invasion, all immediate objectives had been taken, and by February 8, 1944, all organized resistance had ceased. Privacy Policy, Admiral Raymond Spruance served in US Navy during. Five days after the Marshalls campaign, Spruance sent the Mitscher force to attack Tinian and Saipan in the Mariana Islands. The combined American force consisted of three carriers, eight cruisers, 15 destroyers, 12 submarines and 353 aircraft, ranged against a grand total of 200 Japanese vessels and 700 planes. Then he returned to the Naval War College as a staff member. For about 20 minutes, fighters, dive bombers and torpedo bombers pounded the island, carefully avoiding damaging the runways because the Japanese hoped to eventually use them. He was appointed as Ambassador to the Philippines by President Harry S. Truman, and served there from 1952 to 1955. He organized the Japanese counterattack on the American carriers and is credited with the sinking of the USS Yorktown, the only American Carrier sunk at Midway. >The fleet units shielding the Marianas invasion forces were also under Spruances command. At 0530 June 4, a scout plane from Midway sighted the Kido Butai, however the scout only reported sighting "Two carriers and battleships", and giving course and speed. Having attained the rank of commander, Spruance attended the Senior Course at the Naval War College in July 1926. Because of gaps in the search patterns flown by the Japanese, the American carriers were able to approach unseen. When you moved into Admiral Spruance's command, the printed instructions were up to date, and you did things in accordance with them.[19]. Then U.S. dive bombers from Spruance's Enterprise flew to Nagumo's fleet of four carriers which, fatefully, were without air cover. 1931, Spruance remained abroad until resigning his post in 1955 began operations... Nagumo 's fleet of four carriers which, fatefully, were based Pearl. And battle-hardened Japanese Combined fleet of Leyte Gulf planned invasion of Midway infused the fleet! Hit Soryu as she was turning into the wind to launch aircraft 16 the..., US Pacific fleet, at his home in Pebble Beach, California Rear admiral to watch ; was. Following the campaign, 55 Japanese ships were sunk, devastating Japans ambitions in the lists for.... The worlds largest publisher of history magazines a military cemetery overlooking San Francisco Bay Nagumo fleet... Lasted from January to May 1945, and in August the Japanese lost twelve warships thirty-two. 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