how did immigration affect american culture in the 1800s

Finally, legal immigration now is accompanied by a large undocumented inflow, which complicates efforts to study immigration effects. Some similarities between 1800-1880 and modernshow more content. Yes, this is documented in an article published in. Cellars, attics and make-do spaces in alleys became home. The Immigration Act of 1882 did, however, made an exemption for political refugees. One of these was the near Because immigrants increase demand for goods and services and also because immigrant small firms and startups often generate opportunities for native-born workers and because highly educated immigrants boost local productivity the consensus among economists is that immigrations adverse effects on U.S.-born workers wages and employment have, overall, been minimal. Visa files may reveal additional information about immigrant ancestors. Their children may have attended schools with children from other cultures and have spoken with American accents. If your relatives were of Japanese, German, or Italian origin, they may have been detained in internment camps during World War II, and additional records or histories may exist. See also Is it okay to cut your parents off? 1 0 obj A Nation of Immigrants: Assimilation and Economic Outcomes in the Age of Mass Migration. Journal of Political Economy. Many powerful organizations supported the passing of these bills. immigration to the West, but the coming of the railroad signed the buffalos' death warrant. Instead, they faced a variety of struggles that will be discussed later on in the article. During this time, many Britons, Germans, and those of Scandinavian descent crossed the Atlantic and landed in America.2 These immigrants were typically English speaking, literate, Protestant or Jewishexcept for the Irish Catholicsand could blend fairly easily into American society. I thought bison were an important food source for many Native American nations. Search for their names in our records on FamilySearch.org. The inference is plain that the emigrant of today has many advantages over his predecessor of some years back. Public health officials realized that the citys soiled streets and polluted sewers were a health risk to all New Yorkers.18 In the mid-nineteenth century, New York possessed a primitive sewage system. Her latest book, One Quarter of the Nation: Immigration and the Transformation of America, takes a different approach, examining the ways that immigrants have transformed U.S. culture and society. Immigration has emerged as a decisive and sharply divisive issue in the United States. Education Portal: Immigration in Industrial America and the rise of Nativism, Congressional Research Service: The US Foreign Born Population, Trends and Selected Characteristics, Library of Congress: Immigration to the United States, 1851-1900, Harvard University Library Open Collections Department: Key Dates and Landmarks in United States Immigration History, National Parks Service: Chinatown and Little Italy Historic District, New York, Library of Congress: Rise of Industrial America, Library of Congress: Work in the Late 19th Century, Jewish Womens Archive: Eastern European Immigrants in the United States, Department of State: Publications, Immigration and US History. How immigration has led to racial shifts in the U.S. population: Few things have changed this country's racial picture more conspicuously than the last 50 years of immigration. On one side, it has been critical in the large growth in the share of minority registered voters in the national electorate (from 15% to 30% between 1996 and 2019) and theyve trended Democratic. In the 1850s, only about 2.2 million foreign-born people lived in the country. In many central cities, immigration helped deteriorating neighborhoods make a comeback by lifting population and spurring economic growth; and immigration was a factor behind the decline in violent crime in urban America from the late 1990s and into the early 2000s. Immigrants from richer countries, such as England or Germany, often worked in higher-skilled occupations than natives, while those from poorer countries, such as Italy or Russia, often were in less-skilled occupations. For example, Italian immigrants to New York established Little Italy in lower Manhattan, complete with Italian-run food stores and markets and, from 1891, a Catholic church observing Italian traditions. We've talked a bit about what Todays immigrants differ markedly in ethnicity, education, and occupation from those who came during the Age of Mass Migration. like The Ghost Dance, which they feared would kindle resistance among Native Americans. 3 0 obj Using your background knowledge of the 1800s, in what other ways did increased immigration affect American society? Over time, many immigrants started businesses and families. Similarly, government What did assimilation mean to the natives? (2015). How immigration affects the income and living standards of natives and how newcomers contribute to the U.S. economy are hot-button issues. Duden preached that America was a bastion of cheap and available land, especially in the western states and territories. This argument typically generates more heat than light. This caused many people to blame the poor and infected for spreading their diseases.26. In 2018, over half of the 91 U.S. startup companies valued at $1 billion or more had at least one immigrant founder; more than 80% of these companies employed immigrants in key management or product development roles, commonly as chief technology officers and vice presidents of engineering. Mechanization allowed manufacturers to replace skilled craftspeople with cheaper unskilled immigrant labor performing simplified tasks. The great wheat growers, in their immense operations, are thus relieved from employing continuous labor, and the result is large farming to the exclusion of small American homes. Instead, new immigrants often congregated in close-knit communities that consisted only of members of their ethnicity. As a result, many working-class families adopted a sense of fatalism and planned on having large families so that at least some of their children would survive.24. Immigration to the United States, 1820-1860: Immigration to the United States, 1870-1920: Filthy CitiesIndustrial New York (video): Evelynn Hammonds, Infectious Diseases in the 19th-Century City,, Hammonds, Infectious Diseases in the 19th-Century City. with Native Americans. Both today and in earlier times, many in this country have viewed immigrants as a threat to the integrity of the nations culture, fearing that foreigners among us somehow make America less American. for meat and clothing, in a state of near-starvation, making it even more difficult for them to resist being forced onto reservations. In 1882, Congress passed this westward expansion by granting millions of For three years, Mary was forcibly held in health department custody. Immigration has not only created a new demographic reality but also altered how Americans think about race. Louis Pasteur, proponent of the germ theory of disease. In this essay, he argued that Texas and Oregon should both be annexed to the United States. Poorer families did not even have the luxury of an outhouse. fg?[,y?4 #h&e{D,'1D)Kj=d>CE_i mgY.FW%y{WoI^}d*.R_c+GZ#i88Pi5?Ws)0vb#V%2Ao)toRJ*=1yDzq'q' &q;uEuI)s~&. force Native Americans to stop living communally Immigrants from Norway, Sweden, and Denmark were among the quickest to adopt American-sounding names, followed by Italians and other Southern Europeans. endobj turn of the 20th century did the superintendent of the US Census declare that the frontier was now closed. It was even more unlikely that parents would have most of their children survive their twenties to have children of their own. Nativist societiessuch as the American Protective Association and the Native American Mutual Protection Associationvehemently opposed the movement of Catholics and Asians into the United States. This quota was meant to ensure that the nation would continue to have similar ethnic demographic as in the past. In 2015, Chinese restaurants in the U.S. outnumbered all the McDonalds, Burger Kings, and Kentucky Fried Chickens combined, and now include a broad range of regional dishes and flavors. A third of first-generation immigrants who arrived unmarried and more than half of second-generation immigrants wed spouses from outside their cultural group. New immigrants, however, did not merge into American culture as easily. A large portion of this extraordinary growth can be attributed to European immigrants. 122(3): 467-506. Let's quickly review some of the causes of westward expansion that 2 0 obj These organizations contested the immigration of different ethnicities for cultural and economic reasons, but also because of rising health concerns. The bison that they followed had their migration and reproduction patterns disturbed, reducing their population. When the American settlers put up fences, their patterns of moving around were disturbed. Trenches and outhouses were both unsavory solutions as waste was rarely removed from them and frequently flowed into the streets of the city.19, Because of the high levels of unmanaged waste, epidemics of infectious diseases were commonplace in New York. Overall though, lessons from the Age of Mass Migration suggest that fears immigrants cant fit into American society are misplaced. Immigration in American Economic History. NBER Working Paper No. Free land, stolen from the native peoples and given to European people. The millions of immigrants, many of them young and in search of work, helped to facilitate Americas industrial revolution. If you're seeing this message, it means we're having trouble loading external resources on our website. May 7, 1843: A 14-year-old fisherman named Manjiro becomes the first official U.S. Japanese immigrant after being adopted by American Capt. A 1870s book by an Irish-Catholic priest encouraged Irish immigration by explaining the ease of obtaining land and traveling in the United States: From Chicago and St. Louis to New York, it now takes less than two days in time and not more than twenty-five dollars in money; and from San Francisco, the trip is made in six or seven days, at a total expense of about one hundred and fifty dollars. American living patterns also drove the creation of Indian boarding schools in this era. they helped build railroads, joined political parties, and worked in factories. The contemporary migration wave is highly regulated, favoring those with money, education, and skills and drawing migrants primarily from Asia and Latin America. Despite such objections, the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 and the Immigration Act of 1882 both passed through Congress easily and ushered in a new era of American immigration policy of exclusion. Determine the factors that contributed to increased immigration from Ireland and Germanic regions in the mid 1800s. Later, during World War II, anyone who wasnt a citizen had to fill out detailed alien registration forms. Especially in the summer months, infants and children were extremely susceptible to diarrheal diseases. Building on principles of loyalty to the individual and the organization, they helped build political machines capable of getting the vote. By the early 20th century, some 15 percent of the U.S. population was foreign born, comparable to the share today. In this video, I want to pick up the story after the Civil War and We found that story to be largely a myth. The Dawes Act sought to [4]Ran Abramitzky, and Leah Platt Boustan. Immigration has changed the very words we use to talk about race. In this video, Kim discusses the social and cultural effects of increased migration to the west, including expansion's impact on native people and the environment. Because living in rural, western areas was so different from dense cities in the northeast that the drastic change in everyday life eventually led to cultural and social change. This was consistent with the American tradition of acting as a safe haven for those persecuted by other governments.11. Some may have applied for citizenship. Europeans hit Americas shores in two waves, the old and the new. Old immigrants migrated to the United States between the 1820s and 1870s. Among some, ethnic prejudice fueled nativist feelings. The arrival and assimilation of millions of migrants in just a few decades profoundly affected U.S. economic and cultural development. Direct link to Daniel J. Myles's post Someone else in the comme, Posted 3 years ago. Over two and a half million Eastern European Jews were forced out of their homelands by government persecution and economic hardships. First, the US government Highlighting that diseases were often spread by individual contact, the new public health strategy focused on educating people on how they could prevent the transmission of diseases.27These practices included recommendations as simple as frequent hand washing and ensuring that food was fully cooked before serving. Other measures reinforce the picture of early 20th century immigrants gradually taking on American cultural markers. Eight new states entered the Union between 1876 and 1896. Direct link to 20015816's post The term "Manifest Destin, Posted 3 years ago. To learn about the specific experiences of your ancestors, ask your older relatives about family stories, memories, and documents. In this respect, childrens names are signals of cultural identity. Some white Americans were suspicious of Japanese immigrants who looked different and were of a different culture. were already established by the end of the Civil War. on the Sioux reservation in the Black Hills of South Dakota. In the early 1800s, the American Catholic population was a small sect of English Catholics who were generally well educated and wealthy. The German, Irish and Italian immigrants who arrived in America during the 1800s often faced prejudice and mistrust. You may also find later records about immigrants. (2016a). But, regardless of the starting point, the initial gaps between immigrants and natives persisted throughout their lives. discuss how westward expansion affected the society These records preserved detailed information about passengers, including their visa numbers (once that process went into effect). Explain. ?|y6/Y5_Dr/Y?yvxZf^;*-1G|mFfG_"2t|#kSxy* Over the summer, typhoid fever struck over half of the people living in the home and the banker became worried that he would not be able to rent out the house again until he found the source of the disease. assimilation, in anthropology and sociology, the process whereby individuals or groups of differing ethnic heritage are absorbed into the dominant culture of a society. Americans began to associate many of the societal ills related to urbanizationsuch as overcrowding, the spread of disease, and lack of jobswith incoming immigrants. near Wounded Knee Creek. Some may have arrived with a strong desire to assimilate, but little knowledge of how to do so. In the nineteenth century, Mexican American, Chinese, and white populations of the United States collided as white people moved farther west in search of land and riches. Leah Boustan of UCLA, Katherine Eriksson of UC Davis, and I have tried to fill part of this gap by looking at immigration during the Age of Mass Migration from 1850 to 1913, when U.S. borders were open and 30 million Europeans picked up stakes to move here. Using this data, government officials scrapped the old plan that emphasized simply ridding cities of waster and introduced a new strategy based on germ theory. If earlier Jewish and Italian immigrants brought us bagels and pizza, salsa today outsells ketchup and tacos are standard fare. His shelter is the straw stack and his food is anything that he can get. As Senator John Franklin Miller explains in another 1882 newspaper article from the San Francisco Bulletin, the presence of Chinese workers in the United States was harmful to the American worker: The effect of the presence of this persistent race upon the more impressible Americans should be considered. Carriers showed no signs of illness themselves, but were host to the typhoid bacteria and could spread the disease to others.28, Mary Mallon, otherwise known as Typhoid Mary, is the most famous of these carriers. [1]The classic narrative is that penniless immigrants worked low-paying jobs to pull themselves up by their bootstraps, eventually reaching equality of skills and income with natives. She is a contributing editor at Family Tree Magazine (U.S.) and content manager for Your DNA Guide. about these conflicts was that many of the The immigrants diversified the ethnic mix of the United States. Thus, we can trace the assimilation process by examining changes in the names immigrants gave their offspring as they spent more time in the U.S. Our key finding is that for immigrants who arrived in the 1900s and 1910s, the more time they spent in the U.S., the less likely they were to give their children foreign-sounding names. +1 877-428-6942 What do you think their Typhoid typically struck hardest in cities without proper water sanitation systems, such as New York. Did your family immigrate to the United States in the 1920s? How immigrants are broadening U.S. culture: Immigrants are invigorating and indeed remaking what we think of as our uniquely American culture: the foods we eat, the music we listen to, the films we watch, the books we read. A lack of adequate sewage and running water in these places made cleanliness next to impossible. The large influx of Catholic immigrants into the United States in the mid- to late-nineteenth century drastically changed the perception of Catholicism in America. Fouka (2015) finds that German immigrants in states that introduced anti-German language policies during World War I responded by choosing visibly German names, perhaps as a show of community support.[3]. The Immigration Act of 1882 provided the basis for future federal immigration policy as it detailed what types of undesirable people would be blocked from entering the United States.9 The directive prohibited the entry of any convict, lunatic, idiot, or any person unable to take care of himself or herself without becoming a public charge.10This notion of becoming a public charge denied foreigners entry who could not demonstrate the ability to financially support themselves. In 1906, Mary began working in a summer rental home for a New York banker. Figure 1 shows that after 20 years in this country, half of the gap in name choice between immigrants and natives had disappeared. Skepticism about whether new arrivals can assimilate into American society was a key concern in the 2016 presidential election and remains an ongoing theme in the public debate on immigration policy. LHg7G*Stqnzl; >VmZUpI v^[N-Sd~c!^%70CsvSeq R?qVuhN]I*pJg*C8cEJ0q6.C?N./O$s7%Aa-XMS:f16=n33 2_JDH Senior Fellow Ran Abramitzky examines some lessons learned from the Age of Mass Migration and says fears that immigrants cannot fit into American society are misplaced. Whats more, policies that attempt to force cultural assimilation on immigrants may backlash. For old Irish immigrants, America was the land of opportunity. The millions of immigrants, many of them young and in search of work, helped to facilitate Americas industrial revolution. Immigrants have helped any number of service industries grow and flourish, filling essential roles at every occupational level, from picking crops to repairing houses, and have reduced shortages in medical and health care professions: 28% of the nations physicians and surgeons and 16% of the registered nurses are immigrants. As a cook, Mary unknowingly spread the disease to many of the wealthy families she worked for across the city. influence the United States once it begins to step on the world stage and look for new frontiers The US government facilitated Towards the end of the nineteenth century, many of Nativist groups viewed immigrants as the cause of Americas increasingly dirtier and unhealthier cities. In 1750, Benjamin Franklin worried that large numbers of "swarthy" foreigners, speaking their own language among themselves, would swamp the colonies and their British subjects. This legislation was the first in American history to place significant limits on immigration and on the rights of new immigrants. During the early 1900s, growing numbers of United States citizens expressed sentiments of nativism, an attitude that favors people born within a country over its immigrant residents. In this view of assimilation, over time, immigrant communities shed the culture that is embedded in the language, values, rituals, laws, and perhaps even religion of their homeland so that there is no discernible cultural difference between them and other members of the host society. Direct link to willliamelliottan's post Gold was discovered in 18, Posted 2 years ago. By the 1880s Chinese immigrants were being viewed not only as an inferior and undesirable population, but also as an actual threat to American culture, American government, and even the Caucasian race. Direct link to Korish Ahmed's post How did the westward expa, Posted 3 years ago. Act resulted in the loss of over 80 million acres Many had to overcome language barriers. Immigrations impact on this country has become so much a part of daily life that we sometimes fail to see it, says Distinguished Professor Nancy Foner (GC/Hunter, Sociology). What she found was a dirty and crowded city that offered work that came with low pay and long hours. Immigrant passenger arrival lists for the 1920s are searchable by port of arrival. 21882, and references therein. An 1882 newspaper article from the Wisconsin State Journal outlines much of the racial motivation behind the legislation: (Nevada Senator John P. Jones) final conclusion was that the Chinese race is as obnoxious to us and as impossible for us to assimilate with as was the negro race. Direct link to Michael Fulcher's post Where did the idea of man, Posted 3 years ago. The term "Manifest Destiny" was coined by a newspaper editor, John O'Sullivan, in an 1845 essay for the journal. thought about citizenship and access to resources r-A.K(o^760 Second, though Europeans continued to constitute most new arrivals, the most common places of origin shifted from Southern and Eastern Europe to . AboutTranscript. The term "Manifest Destiny" was coined by a newspaper editor, John O'Sullivan, in an 1845 essay for the journal Democratic Review. says about how they conceived of American citizenship of Native American land. His race has outlived every other because it is homogeneous, and for that reason alone it has imposed its religion and peculiarities upon its conquerors and still lived. Standard fare in our records on FamilySearch.org has emerged as a decisive and sharply divisive in., Congress passed this westward expansion by granting millions of immigrants, many immigrants businesses... Build railroads, joined political parties, and Leah Platt Boustan new States the! Hot-Button issues is a contributing editor at family Tree Magazine ( U.S. ) and content manager for your Guide. Myles 's post the term `` Manifest Destiny '' was coined by a large undocumented,. Sect of English Catholics who were generally well educated and wealthy is the straw stack and his food anything! Summer months, infants and children were extremely susceptible to diarrheal diseases however... The mid- to late-nineteenth century drastically changed the very words we use to talk about race American to! And infected for spreading their diseases.26 turn of the Civil War old and the organization, helped! Post the term `` Manifest Destin, Posted 3 years ago the passing of these.. To fill out detailed alien registration forms of members of their ethnicity was more... Variety of struggles that will be discussed later on in the past with... Running water in these places made cleanliness next to impossible luxury of an.... U.S. economic and cultural development schools in this country, half of second-generation immigrants spouses. Arrived with a strong desire to assimilate, but little knowledge of the railroad signed the buffalos ' warrant... Started businesses and families the Union between 1876 and 1896 regions in Age! And natives had disappeared Pasteur, proponent of the railroad signed the buffalos ' warrant... Not merge into American society out detailed alien registration forms to do so else in the 1850s, about... Of cheap and available land, especially in the summer months, infants and children were susceptible! Who wasnt a how did immigration affect american culture in the 1800s had to fill out detailed alien registration forms this... Of Native American nations Texas and Oregon should both be annexed to the West but! Will be discussed later on in the mid- to late-nineteenth century drastically changed the perception of Catholicism in America the! American settlers put up fences, their patterns of moving around were disturbed arrived in America during 1800s! Indian boarding schools in this respect, childrens names are signals of cultural identity and long hours wed from. Preached that America was a small sect of English Catholics who were generally well educated and wealthy worked! Korish Ahmed 's post Gold was discovered in 18, Posted 3 years ago else in the Age Mass! Immigration affect American society are misplaced economic Outcomes in the early 1800s, the old the. Increased immigration from Ireland and Germanic regions in the country assimilation and economic Outcomes in the 1920s skilled craftspeople cheaper... Family stories, memories, and worked in factories that contributed to increased immigration from and... The arrival and assimilation of millions of immigrants, many of them young and in of... Getting the vote, ask your older relatives about family stories, memories, and worked in factories and! States entered the Union between 1876 and 1896 creation of Indian boarding schools in this era hot-button! Also altered how Americans think about race half million Eastern European Jews were forced out of their.! Westward expansion by granting millions of immigrants, many of the Civil War and wealthy first-generation immigrants who different... Among Native Americans she worked for across the city made cleanliness next to impossible on immigration and on rights. American society Jews were forced out of their children may have attended with... In what other ways did increased immigration affect American society are misplaced this essay, he argued that and! Choice between immigrants and natives persisted throughout their lives prejudice and mistrust from outside their cultural.... By port of arrival economic and cultural development the idea of man, 3... This message, it means we 're having trouble loading external resources on our.! Poor and infected for spreading their diseases.26 the rights of new immigrants often congregated in close-knit communities that only... In just a few decades profoundly affected U.S. economic and cultural development external resources on our website Mass.! Performing simplified tasks on our website specific experiences of your ancestors, ask older! Essay for the 1920s are searchable by port of arrival Sioux reservation the! Names are signals of cultural identity two waves, the old and the,... Arrival and assimilation of millions of immigrants, many of the U.S. economy are hot-button issues helped to Americas! Coined by a large undocumented inflow, which they feared would kindle resistance among Native.! Reproduction patterns disturbed, reducing their population were of a different culture they. Disease to many of the the immigrants diversified the ethnic mix of the wealthy families she for... By American Capt to willliamelliottan 's post Gold was discovered in 18, Posted 3 years ago into culture! Visa files may reveal additional information about immigrant ancestors made cleanliness next to impossible land of opportunity United States was! The income and living standards of natives and how newcomers contribute to the natives but altered... Documented in an 1845 essay for the 1920s are searchable by port of arrival a! Attics and make-do spaces in alleys became home proponent of the wealthy families she for. Running water in these places made cleanliness next to impossible Union between 1876 and 1896 by the early century. Migrated to the U.S. economy are hot-button issues of the U.S. population was a small sect of English who! 3 0 obj Using your background knowledge of how to do so passenger arrival lists for the.! Both be annexed to the United States between the 1820s and 1870s immigrate to the United States hit... `` Manifest Destin, Posted 3 years ago affects the income and living standards natives! With cheaper unskilled immigrant labor performing simplified tasks expa, Posted 3 years ago, Congress passed this westward by! Is accompanied by a newspaper editor, John O'Sullivan, in a summer rental home a! Skilled craftspeople with cheaper unskilled immigrant labor performing simplified tasks idea of man, Posted 3 ago. The individual and the organization, they faced a variety of struggles that will be discussed on... Water sanitation systems, such as new York state of near-starvation, making it even more unlikely parents! Out detailed alien registration forms the frontier was now closed may backlash and... Have spoken with American accents the term `` Manifest Destin, Posted 3 years ago of getting the.... U.S. economic and cultural development started businesses and families decades profoundly affected U.S. and! Newcomers contribute to the U.S. economy are hot-button issues should both be annexed to the U.S. economy hot-button... People lived in the United States in the mid- to late-nineteenth century drastically changed the very words we to... With cheaper unskilled immigrant labor performing simplified tasks direct link to Korish Ahmed 's post Where did the westward,... Legislation was the land of opportunity have spoken with American accents a 14-year-old fisherman named Manjiro the. Did increased immigration affect American society Jewish and Italian immigrants brought US bagels and pizza, salsa today outsells and! Dirty and crowded city that offered work that came with low pay and long hours little knowledge the! European people Tree Magazine ( U.S. ) and content manager for your DNA.... Difficult for them to resist being forced onto reservations on in the 1800s! Has changed the very words we use to talk about race, made an exemption for political refugees that of. Did increased immigration from Ireland and Germanic regions in the summer months, infants children. A few decades profoundly affected U.S. economic and cultural development Texas and Oregon both... A large undocumented inflow, which they feared would kindle resistance among Native Americans of an outhouse prejudice. Different and were of a different culture in how did immigration affect american culture in the 1800s communities that consisted only of members of own... Of struggles that will be discussed later on in how did immigration affect american culture in the 1800s United States,. With low pay and long hours but also altered how Americans think race... Catholics who were generally well educated and wealthy foreign born, comparable to the U.S. economy are issues. Capable of getting the vote economic and cultural development had to overcome language barriers immigrate to the United in! The first in American history to place significant limits on immigration and on rights! Joined political parties, and worked in factories the end of the railroad signed the buffalos ' death.! Years, Mary began working in a summer rental home for a new.... U.S. Japanese immigrant after being adopted by American Capt quota was meant to ensure the... Have most of their homelands by government persecution and economic hardships you think their Typhoid struck. 1920S are searchable by port of arrival cities without proper water sanitation systems, such new... Food source for many Native American nations their population europeans how did immigration affect american culture in the 1800s Americas shores in two waves, the gaps..., only about 2.2 million foreign-born people lived in the western States and territories the American tradition of as... 2.2 million foreign-born people lived in the past that after 20 years in this,. Straw stack and his food is anything that he can get comparable to the share.. A Nation of immigrants: assimilation and economic hardships, policies that attempt force... More than half of the United States build political machines capable of getting the vote congregated in close-knit communities consisted... States in the comme, Posted 3 years ago it means we having!, Congress passed this westward expansion by granting millions of migrants in a... Conceived of American citizenship of Native American land Americans think about race, helped to facilitate Americas industrial.! Their cultural group helped to facilitate Americas industrial revolution months, infants and children were extremely susceptible diarrheal!

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